写在前面

关于数据科学环境的建立，可以参考我的博客：

【深耕 Python】Data Science with Python 数据科学（1）环境搭建

往期数据科学博文：

【深耕 Python】Data Science with Python 数据科学（2）jupyter-lab和numpy数组

【深耕 Python】Data Science with Python 数据科学（3）Numpy 常量、函数和线性空间

【深耕 Python】Data Science with Python 数据科学（4）（书337页）练习题及解答

【深耕 Python】Data Science with Python 数据科学（5）Matplotlib可视化（1）

【深耕 Python】Data Science with Python 数据科学（6）Matplotlib可视化（2）

【深耕 Python】Data Science with Python 数据科学（7）书352页练习题

【深耕 Python】Data Science with Python 数据科学（8）pandas数据结构：Series和DataFrame

【深耕 Python】Data Science with Python 数据科学（9）书361页练习题

【深耕 Python】Data Science with Python 数据科学（10）pandas 数据处理（一）

代码说明： 由于实机运行的原因，可能省略了某些导入（import）语句。

本期，继续对诺奖获得者（laureates.csv）进行分析。

Python Code Snippet 1

1957年，Chen Ning Yang和Tsung-Dao Lee的获奖信息。

print(nobel.loc[nobel["surname"].str.contains("Yang", na=False)])
print(nobel.loc[nobel["surname"].str.contains("Lee", na=False)])

# 杨振宁
    id  firstname surname        born        died bornCountry bornCountryCode  \
68  68  Chen Ning    Yang  1922-09-22  0000-00-00       China              CN   

        bornCity diedCountry diedCountryCode diedCity gender  year category  \
68  Hofei Anhwei         NaN             NaN      NaN   male  1957  physics   

   overallMotivation  share  \
68               NaN      2   

                                           motivation  \
68  "for their penetrating investigation of the so...   

                            name          city country  
68  Institute for Advanced Study  Princeton NJ     USA  
# 李政道
      id  firstname surname        born        died bornCountry  \
69    69  Tsung-Dao     Lee  1926-11-24  0000-00-00       China   
148  149   David M.     Lee  1931-01-20  0000-00-00         USA   
263  265    Yuan T.     Lee  1936-11-19  0000-00-00      Taiwan   

    bornCountryCode  bornCity diedCountry diedCountryCode diedCity gender  \
69               CN  Shanghai         NaN             NaN      NaN   male   
148              US    Rye NY         NaN             NaN      NaN   male   
263              TW   Hsinchu         NaN             NaN      NaN   male   

     year   category overallMotivation  share  \
69   1957    physics               NaN      2   
148  1996    physics               NaN      3   
263  1986  chemistry               NaN      3   

                                            motivation  \
69   "for their penetrating investigation of the so...   
148  "for their discovery of superfluidity in heliu...   
263  "for their contributions concerning the dynami...   

                         name         city country  
69        Columbia University  New York NY     USA  
148        Cornell University    Ithaca NY     USA  
263  University of California  Berkeley CA     USA  

Python Code Snippet 2

理查德·费曼（Richard Feynman）和居里夫妇（Marie Curie, Pierre Curie）的获奖信息：

print(nobel.loc[nobel["surname"].str.contains("Feynman", na=False)])
print(len(nobel.loc[nobel["surname"].str.contains("Feynman", na=False)]))
curies = nobel.loc[nobel["surname"].str.contains("Curie", na=False)]
print(curies)
print(curies[["firstname", "surname"]])

# 理查德费曼获奖信息
    id   firstname  surname        born        died bornCountry  \
86  86  Richard P.  Feynman  1918-05-11  1988-02-15         USA   

   bornCountryCode     bornCity diedCountry diedCountryCode        diedCity  \
86              US  New York NY         USA              US  Los Angeles CA   

   gender  year category overallMotivation  share  \
86   male  1965  physics               NaN      3   

                                           motivation  \
86  "for their fundamental work in quantum electro...   

                                            name         city country  
86  California Institute of Technology (Caltech)  Pasadena CA     USA

# 仅有1个姓氏为费曼的获奖者
1

# 居里夫妇
      id firstname       surname        born        died  \
4      5    Pierre         Curie  1859-05-15  1906-04-19   
5      6     Marie         Curie  1867-11-07  1934-07-04   
6      6     Marie         Curie  1867-11-07  1934-07-04   
191  194     Irène  Joliot-Curie  1897-09-12  1956-03-17   

                     bornCountry bornCountryCode bornCity diedCountry  \
4                         France              FR    Paris      France   
5    Russian Empire (now Poland)              PL   Warsaw      France   
6    Russian Empire (now Poland)              PL   Warsaw      France   
191                       France              FR    Paris      France   

    diedCountryCode    diedCity  gender  year   category overallMotivation  \
4                FR       Paris    male  1903    physics               NaN   
5                FR  Sallanches  female  1903    physics               NaN   
6                FR  Sallanches  female  1911  chemistry               NaN   
191              FR       Paris  female  1935  chemistry               NaN   

     share                                         motivation  \
4        4  "in recognition of the extraordinary services ...   
5        4  "in recognition of the extraordinary services ...   
6        1  "in recognition of her services to the advance...   
191      2  "in recognition of their synthesis of new radi...   

                                                  name   city country  
4    École municipale de physique et de chimie indu...  Paris  France  
5                                                  NaN    NaN     NaN  
6                                  Sorbonne University  Paris  France  
191                                 Institut du Radium  Paris  France

# 仅显示姓氏和名字
    firstname       surname
4      Pierre         Curie
5       Marie         Curie
6       Marie         Curie
191     Irène  Joliot-Curie

Python Code Snippet 3

学者的获奖次数统计。

print(nobel.groupby(["firstname", "surname"]).size())
print(nobel.groupby(["firstname", "surname"]).size().sort_values())
laureates = nobel.groupby(["id", "firstname", "surname"])
sizes = laureates.size()
print(sizes[sizes > 1])

# 第三栏中的数字为此人的获奖次数
firstname   surname    
A. Michael  Spence         1
Aage N.     Bohr           1
Aaron       Ciechanover    1
            Klug           1
Abdulrazak  Gurnah         1
                          ..
Youyou      Tu             1
Yuan T.     Lee            1
Yves        Chauvin        1
Zhores      Alferov        1
Élie        Ducommun       1
Length: 941, dtype: int64  # 共941位获奖者，数据类型为int64

# 将获奖次数升序排序后输出
firstname     surname 
A. Michael    Spence      1
Nicolay G.    Basov       1
Niels         Bohr        1
Niels K.      Jerne       1
Niels Ryberg  Finsen      1
                         ..
Élie          Ducommun    1
Linus         Pauling     2
John          Bardeen     2
Frederick     Sanger      2
Marie         Curie       2
Length: 941, dtype: int64

# 仅输出获奖次数大于1的学者（该数据截止至2021年，2022年新产生了一位双料得主K. Barry Sharpless）
id   firstname  surname
6    Marie      Curie      2  # 物理学奖和化学奖
66   John       Bardeen    2  # 物理学奖*2
217  Linus      Pauling    2  # 化学奖和和平奖
222  Frederick  Sanger     2  # 化学奖*2
dtype: int64

参考文献 Reference

《Learn Enough Python to be Dangerous——Software Development, Flask Web Apps, and Beginning Data Science with Python》, Michael Hartl, Boston, Pearson, 2023.