Vue阶段练习：初始化渲染、获取焦点、记账清单

阶段练习主要承接Vue 生命周期-CSDN博客，学习完该部分内容后，进行自我检测，每个练习主要分为效果显示、需求分析、静态代码、完整代码、总结四个部分，效果显示和准备代码已给出，我们需要完成“完整代码”部分。

练习1：初始化渲染

一进页面，就获取该网址中的信息并显示在页面上

http://hmajax.itheima.net/api/news

效果显示

静态代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>029生命周期created应用新闻列表</title>
  <style>
    * {
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      list-style: none;
    }
    .news {
      display: flex;
      height: 120px;
      width: 600px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 20px 0;
      cursor: pointer;
    }
    .news .left {
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: space-between;
      padding-right: 10px;
    }
    .news .left .title {
      font-size: 20px;
    }
    .news .left .info {
      color: #999999;
    }
    .news .left .info span {
      margin-right: 20px;
    }
    .news .right {
      width: 160px;
      height: 120px;
    }
    .news .right img {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      object-fit: cover;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div id="app">
    <ul>
      <li class="news">
        <div class="left">
          <div class="title">5G商用在即，三大运营商营收持续下降</div>
          <div class="info">
            <span>新京报经济新闻</span>
            <span>2222-10-28 11:50:28</span>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="right">
          <img src="http://ajax-api.itheima.net/public/images/0.webp" alt="">
        </div>
      </li>

      <li class="news">
        <div class="left">
          <div class="title">5G商用在即，三大运营商营收持续下降</div>
          <div class="info">
            <span>新京报经济新闻</span>
            <span>2222-10-28 11:50:28</span>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="right">
          <img src="http://ajax-api.itheima.net/public/images/0.webp" alt="">
        </div>
      </li>

      <li class="news">
        <div class="left">
          <div class="title">5G商用在即，三大运营商营收持续下降</div>
          <div class="info">
            <span>新京报经济新闻</span>
            <span>2222-10-28 11:50:28</span>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="right">
          <img src="http://ajax-api.itheima.net/public/images/0.webp" alt="">
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue@2/dist/vue.js"></script>
  <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/axios/dist/axios.min.js"></script>
  <script>
    const app = new Vue({
      el: '#app',
      data: {
        list: []
      }
    })
  </script>
</body>
</html>

完整代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>029生命周期created应用新闻列表</title>
  <style>
    * {
      margin: 0;
      padding: 0;
      list-style: none;
    }
    .news {
      display: flex;
      height: 120px;
      width: 600px;
      margin: 0 auto;
      padding: 20px 0;
      cursor: pointer;
    }
    .news .left {
      flex: 1;
      display: flex;
      flex-direction: column;
      justify-content: space-between;
      padding-right: 10px;
    }
    .news .left .title {
      font-size: 20px;
    }
    .news .left .info {
      color: #999999;
    }
    .news .left .info span {
      margin-right: 20px;
    }
    .news .right {
      width: 160px;
      height: 120px;
    }
    .news .right img {
      width: 100%;
      height: 100%;
      object-fit: cover;
    }
  </style>
</head>
<body>

  <div id="app">
    <ul>
      <li v-for="(item, index) in list" :key="item.id" class="news">
        <div class="left">
          <div class="title">{{item.title}}</div>
          <div class="info">
            <span>{{item.source}}</span>
            <span>{{item.time}}</span>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="right">
          <img :src="item.img" alt="">
        </div>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </div>
  <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue@2/dist/vue.js"></script>
  <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/axios/dist/axios.min.js"></script>
  <script>
    // 接口地址：http://hmajax.itheima.net/api/news
    // 请求方式：get
    const app = new Vue({
      el: '#app',
      data: {
        list: []
      },
      async created(){ 
        const res = await axios.get('http://hmajax.itheima.net/api/news')
        this.list=res.data.data
      }
    })
  </script>
</body>
</html>

分析

async用于声明异步函数
await关键字用于等待该网络请求完成，直到获取到数据或发生错误
axios.get()方法用于发送网络请求，向指定的url发送get请求，并返回一个Promise对象，该对象在数据成功返回时解析为包含响应数据的对象

为什么这里需要异步操作？

因为从网络请求获取数据，为了避免阻塞主线程，需要使用异步操作来执行网络请求，并在数据返回后更新界面。

为什么在created函数中获取数据？

在Vue.js中，created 生命周期钩子是在实例被创建之后被调用的。因此，在created钩子中获取数据是一个常见的做法，因为此时Vue实例已经创建完成，但尚未挂载到DOM上，所以在这个时候获取数据不会阻塞页面渲染。这样做可以确保在页面渲染完成之前就能获取到需要的数据，并在数据准备就绪后立即对页面进行更新。

使用async和await关键字可以让异步操作看起来像同步操作一样顺序执行，使得代码更加清晰易读。在created钩子中使用async/await可以确保异步数据加载完成后再进行下一步操作，以避免数据未就绪时对页面进行更新造成的问题。

练习2：获取焦点

一进入页面就获取焦点

效果显示

静态代码


<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">

<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>029生命周期mounted应用输入框获取焦点</title>
  <!-- 初始化样式 -->
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/reset.css@2.0.2/reset.min.css">
  <!-- 核心样式 -->
  <style>
    html,
    body {
      height: 100%;
    }
    .search-container {
      position: absolute;
      top: 30%;
      left: 50%;
      transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
      text-align: center;
    }
    .search-container .search-box {
      display: flex;
    }
    .search-container img {
      margin-bottom: 30px;
    }
    .search-container .search-box input {
      width: 512px;
      height: 16px;
      padding: 12px 16px;
      font-size: 16px;
      margin: 0;
      vertical-align: top;
      outline: 0;
      box-shadow: none;
      border-radius: 10px 0 0 10px;
      border: 2px solid #c4c7ce;
      background: #fff;
      color: #222;
      overflow: hidden;
      box-sizing: content-box;
      -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;
    }
    .search-container .search-box button {
      cursor: pointer;
      width: 112px;
      height: 44px;
      line-height: 41px;
      line-height: 42px;
      background-color: #ad2a27;
      border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0;
      font-size: 17px;
      box-shadow: none;
      font-weight: 400;
      border: 0;
      outline: 0;
      letter-spacing: normal;
      color: white;
    }
    body {
      background: no-repeat center /cover;
      background-color: #edf0f5;
    }
  </style>
</head>

<body>
<div class="container" id="app">
  <div class="search-container">
    <img src="https://www.itheima.com/images/logo.png" alt="">
    <div class="search-box">
      <input type="text" v-model="words" id="inp">
      <button>搜索一下</button>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue@2/dist/vue.js"></script>
<script>
  const app = new Vue({
    el: '#app',
    data: {
      words: ''
    }
  })
</script>

</body>

</html>

完整代码


<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">

<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>029生命周期mounted应用输入框获取焦点</title>
  <!-- 初始化样式 -->
  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/reset.css@2.0.2/reset.min.css">
  <!-- 核心样式 -->
  <style>
    html,
    body {
      height: 100%;
    }
    .search-container {
      position: absolute;
      top: 30%;
      left: 50%;
      transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
      text-align: center;
    }
    .search-container .search-box {
      display: flex;
    }
    .search-container img {
      margin-bottom: 30px;
    }
    .search-container .search-box input {
      width: 512px;
      height: 16px;
      padding: 12px 16px;
      font-size: 16px;
      margin: 0;
      vertical-align: top;
      outline: 0;
      box-shadow: none;
      border-radius: 10px 0 0 10px;
      border: 2px solid #c4c7ce;
      background: #fff;
      color: #222;
      overflow: hidden;
      box-sizing: content-box;
      -webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent;
    }
    .search-container .search-box button {
      cursor: pointer;
      width: 112px;
      height: 44px;
      line-height: 41px;
      line-height: 42px;
      background-color: #ad2a27;
      border-radius: 0 10px 10px 0;
      font-size: 17px;
      box-shadow: none;
      font-weight: 400;
      border: 0;
      outline: 0;
      letter-spacing: normal;
      color: white;
    }
    body {
      background: no-repeat center /cover;
      background-color: #edf0f5;
    }
  </style>
</head>

<body>
<div class="container" id="app">
  <div class="search-container">
    <div class="search-box">
      <input type="text" v-model="words" id="inp">
      <button>搜索一下</button>
    </div>
  </div>
</div>

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue@2/dist/vue.js"></script>
<script>
  const app = new Vue({
    el: '#app',
    data: {
      words: ''
    },
    mounted () {
      document.querySelector('#inp').focus()
    }
  })
</script>

</body>

</html>

分析

等input框渲染出来 mounted 钩子

让input框获取焦点 inp.focus()

autofocus在Vue中无用

练习3：记账清单

https://applet-base-api-t.itheima.net/bill

效果显示

静态代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>030练习：记账清单</title>
    <!-- CSS only -->
    <link
      rel="stylesheet"
      href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.1.3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css"
    />
    <style>
      .red {
        color: red!important;
      }
      .search {
        width: 300px;
        margin: 20px 0;
      }
      .my-form {
        display: flex;
        margin: 20px 0;
      }
      .my-form input {
        flex: 1;
        margin-right: 20px;
      }
      .table > :not(:first-child) {
        border-top: none;
      }
      .contain {
        display: flex;
        padding: 10px;
      }
      .list-box {
        flex: 1;
        padding: 0 30px;
      }
      .list-box  a {
        text-decoration: none;
      }
      .echarts-box {
        width: 600px;
        height: 400px;
        padding: 30px;
        margin: 0 auto;
        border: 1px solid #ccc;
      }
      tfoot {
        font-weight: bold;
      }
      @media screen and (max-width: 1000px) {
        .contain {
          flex-wrap: wrap;
        }
        .list-box {
          width: 100%;
        }
        .echarts-box {
          margin-top: 30px;
        }
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="app">
      <div class="contain">
        <!-- 左侧列表 -->
        <div class="list-box">

          <!-- 添加资产 -->
          <form class="my-form">
            <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="消费名称" />
            <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="消费价格" />
            <button type="button" class="btn btn-primary">添加账单</button>
          </form>

          <table class="table table-hover">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>编号</th>
                <th>消费名称</th>
                <th>消费价格</th>
                <th>操作</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td>帽子</td>
                <td>99.00</td>
                <td><a href="javascript:;">删除</a></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td>大衣</td>
                <td class="red">199.00</td>
                <td><a href="javascript:;">删除</a></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
            <tfoot>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">消费总计： 298.00</td>
              </tr>
            </tfoot>
          </table>
        </div>
        
        <!-- 右侧图表 -->
        <div class="echarts-box" id="main"></div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/echarts@5.4.0/dist/echarts.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue@2/dist/vue.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/axios/dist/axios.min.js"></script>
    <script>
      const app = new Vue({
        el: '#app',
        data: {
          
        },
      })
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

完整代码

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
    <title>030练习：记账清单</title>
    <!-- CSS only -->
    <link
      rel="stylesheet"
      href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.1.3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css"
    />
    <style>
      .red {
        color: red!important;
      }
      .search {
        width: 300px;
        margin: 20px 0;
      }
      .my-form {
        display: flex;
        margin: 20px 0;
      }
      .my-form input {
        flex: 1;
        margin-right: 20px;
      }
      .table > :not(:first-child) {
        border-top: none;
      }
      .contain {
        display: flex;
        padding: 10px;
      }
      .list-box {
        flex: 1;
        padding: 0 30px;
      }
      .list-box  a {
        text-decoration: none;
      }
      .echarts-box {
        width: 600px;
        height: 400px;
        padding: 30px;
        margin: 0 auto;
        border: 1px solid #ccc;
      }
      tfoot {
        font-weight: bold;
      }
      @media screen and (max-width: 1000px) {
        .contain {
          flex-wrap: wrap;
        }
        .list-box {
          width: 100%;
        }
        .echarts-box {
          margin-top: 30px;
        }
      }
    </style>
  </head>
  <body>
    <div id="app">
      <div class="contain">
        <!-- 左侧列表 -->
        <div class="list-box">

          <!-- 添加资产 -->
          <form class="my-form">
            <input v-model.trim="name" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="消费名称" />
            <input v-model.number="price" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="消费价格" />
            <button @click="add" type="button" class="btn btn-primary">添加账单</button>
          </form>

          <table class="table table-hover">
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th>编号</th>
                <th>消费名称</th>
                <th>消费价格</th>
                <th>操作</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr v-for="(item, index) in list" :key="item.id">
                <td>{{ index + 1 }}</td>
                <td>{{ item.name }}</td>
                <td :class="{ red: item.price > 500 }">{{ item.price.toFixed(2) }}</td>
                <td><a @click="del(item.id)" href="javascript:;">删除</a></td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
            <tfoot>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">消费总计： {{ totalPrice.toFixed(2) }}</td>
              </tr>
            </tfoot>
          </table>
        </div>
        
        <!-- 右侧图表 -->
        <div class="echarts-box" id="main"></div>
      </div>
    </div>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/echarts@5.4.0/dist/echarts.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue@2/dist/vue.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/axios/dist/axios.min.js"></script>
    <script>
      
      const app = new Vue({
        el: '#app',
        data: {
          list: [],
          name: '',
          price: ''
        },
        computed: {
          totalPrice () {
            return this.list.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price, 0)
          }
        },
        created () {
          this.getList()
        },
        mounted () {
          this.myChart = echarts.init(document.querySelector('#main'))
          this.myChart.setOption({
            // 大标题
            title: {
              text: '消费账单列表',
              left: 'center'
            },
            // 提示框
            tooltip: {
              trigger: 'item'
            },
            // 图例
            legend: {
              orient: 'vertical',
              left: 'left'
            },
            // 数据项
            series: [
              {
                name: '消费账单',
                type: 'pie',
                radius: '50%', // 半径
                data: [
                  // { value: 1048, name: '球鞋' },
                  // { value: 735, name: '防晒霜' }
                ],
                emphasis: {
                  itemStyle: {
                    shadowBlur: 10,
                    shadowOffsetX: 0,
                    shadowColor: 'rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)'
                  }
                }
              }
            ]
          })
        },

        methods: {
          async getList () {
            const res = await axios.get('https://applet-base-api-t.itheima.net/bill', {
              params: {
                creator: '。。'
              }
            })
            this.list = res.data.data

            // 更新图表
            this.myChart.setOption({
              // 数据项
              series: [
                {
                  // data: [
                  //   { value: 1048, name: '球鞋' },
                  //   { value: 735, name: '防晒霜' }
                  // ]
                  data: this.list.map(item => ({ value: item.price, name: item.name}))
                }
              ]
            })
          },
          async add () {
            if (!this.name) {
              alert('请输入消费名称')
              return
            }
            if (typeof this.price !== 'number') {
              alert('请输入正确的消费价格')
              return
            }

            // 发送添加请求
            const res = await axios.post('https://applet-base-api-t.itheima.net/bill', {
              creator: '。。',
              name: this.name,
              price: this.price
            })
            // 重新渲染一次
            this.getList()

            this.name = ''
            this.price = ''
          },
          async del (id) {
            // 根据 id 发送删除请求
            const res = await axios.delete(`https://applet-base-api-t.itheima.net/bill/${id}`)
            // 重新渲染
            this.getList()
          }
        }
      })
    </script>
  </body>
</html>

功能需求：发请求

基本渲染

立刻发送请求获取数据，created
拿到数据存到data的响应式数据中
结合数据，进行渲染v-for
消费统计，计算属性

this.list.reduce((sum, item) => sum + item.price, 0)

添加功能

收集表单数据 v-model
给添加按钮注册点击事件，发送添加请求
需要重新渲染

<input v-model.trim="name" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="消费名称" />

去空格

<input v-model.number="price" type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="消费价格" />

取数字

将请求封装成方法，便于调用 this.getList()

删除功能

注册点击事件，传参传 id
根据 id 发送删除请求
需要重新渲染

饼图渲染

初始化一个饼图 echarts.init(dom) mounted钩子实现
根据数据实时更新饼图 echarts.setOption({ ... })

Apache ECharts

data: this.list.map(item => ({ value: item.price, name: item.name}))

将this.list 数组中的每个元素转换为一个新的对象，该对象包含两个属性:value和name，分别对应原始元素中的price和name属性。最终返回一个新数组，其中每个元素都是这样的对象

（{}）这么写才会被判定为对象