安装Nginx

以 Ubuntu 为例，安装命令为

sudo apt install nginx

常用指令

# 检查配置文件是否有问题
nginx -t

# 热加载配置文件
nginx -s reload

# 等待处理完当前请求并退出
nginx -s quit

# 快速退出
nginx -s stop

目录结构

nginx 默认安装位置一般在 /etc/nginx 目录，默认配置文件为 nginx.conf

drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 30  2023 conf.d
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.1K May 30  2023 fastcgi.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.1K May 30  2023 fastcgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.8K May 30  2023 koi-utf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 2.2K May 30  2023 koi-win
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3.9K May 30  2023 mime.types
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May 30  2023 modules-available
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May  1 19:21 modules-enabled
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1.5K May 30  2023 nginx.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  180 May 30  2023 proxy_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  636 May 30  2023 scgi_params
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May  1 19:46 sites-available
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May  1 19:21 sites-enabled
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4.0K May  1 19:21 snippets
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  664 May 30  2023 uwsgi_params
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 3.0K May 30  2023 win-utf

通常建议将全局配置拆分并放在conf.d目录下，并通过include指令引用，比如默认配置文件中

 include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;

将每个虚拟站点配置放在sites-available下，并将使用的站点链接到sites-enabled文件夹，默认的配置文件中

include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;

例如配置文件结构为

nginx
├── nginx.conf
├── conf.d/
├── sites-available/
│   ├── site1
│   └── site2
└── sites-enabled/
    └── site1 -> ../sites-available/site1

配置文件

nginx 配置文件由指令控制的模块组成，指令分为简单指令(simple directives)和块指令(block directives)。

简单指令由名字、参数和分号组成，例如

listen 80;

块指令则将分号替换为花括号{}，例如

events {
}

可以包含其他指令的块指令称为上下文(context)， 例如 events、http、server和 location。

配置文件中不包含在其他上下文中的指令则属于主上下文(main context)，events和http指令位于main context, server 位于http 中, location 位于 server 中。#开头的为注释。

例如默认配置文件nginx.conf

user www-data;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf;

events {
        worker_connections 768;
        # multi_accept on;
}

http {

        ##
        # Basic Settings
        ##

        sendfile on;
        tcp_nopush on;
        types_hash_max_size 2048;
        # server_tokens off;

        # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
        # server_name_in_redirect off;

        include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
        default_type application/octet-stream;

        ##
        # SSL Settings
        ##

        ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2 TLSv1.3; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
        ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

        ##
        # Logging Settings
        ##

        access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
        error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;

        ##
        # Gzip Settings
        ##

        gzip on;

        # gzip_vary on;
        # gzip_proxied any;
        # gzip_comp_level 6;
        # gzip_buffers 16 8k;
        # gzip_http_version 1.1;
        # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;

        ##
        # Virtual Host Configs
        ##

        include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
        include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}


#mail {
#       # See sample authentication script at:
#       # http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript
#
#       # auth_http localhost/auth.php;
#       # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER";
#       # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS";
#
#       server {
#               listen     localhost:110;
#               protocol   pop3;
#               proxy      on;
#       }
#
#       server {
#               listen     localhost:143;
#               protocol   imap;
#               proxy      on;
#       }
#}