redis是一个内存数据库，数据保存在内存中，redis提供了持久化的机制，分别是RDB（Redis DataBase）和AOF(Append only File)

持久化流程

redis的数据保存到磁盘上，大致流程如下：

1. 客户端向服务端发送写操作（数据在客户端的内存中）
2. 数据库服务端接收到写请求的数据（数据在服务端的内存中）
3. 服务端调用write系统调用，将数据写到磁盘上（数据在系统内存的缓冲区中国）
4. 操作系统将缓冲区中的数据转移到磁盘控制器中（数据在磁盘缓存中）
5. 磁盘控制器将数据写到磁盘的物理介质中（数据真正的写到了磁盘中 ）

机器故障的两种情况：

1. Redis 数据库发送故障：只要在上面的第三步执行完毕，那么就可以持久化保存，剩下的两步由操作系统替我们完成。
2. 操作系统发生故障，必须完成上面5步才可以。

redis如何来实现上面5个保存磁盘的步骤。它提供了两种策略机制，也就是RDB和AOF。

RDB机制

rdb其实就是把数据以快照的形式保存在磁盘上。
快照：就是保存当前的数据和数据状态。
想必大家用过虚拟机的一下子就清楚了：

rdb持久化是指在指定的时间间隔内将内存中的数据集快照写入磁盘中，rdb是redis默认的持久化方式。

rdb持久化就是将内存中的数据以快照的方式写入到二进制文件中，默认的文件名为dump.rdb

rdb的触发机制有三种：save,bgsave,自动化触发。

redis.conf中rdb的配置

有关rdb的配置在redis.conf中的snapshotting中

################################ SNAPSHOTTING  ################################

# Save the DB to disk.
#
# save <seconds> <changes> [<seconds> <changes> ...]
#
# Redis will save the DB if the given number of seconds elapsed and it
# surpassed the given number of write operations against the DB.
#
# Snapshotting can be completely disabled with a single empty string argument
# as in following example:
#
# save ""
#
# Unless specified otherwise, by default Redis will save the DB:
#   * After 3600 seconds (an hour) if at least 1 change was performed
#   * After 300 seconds (5 minutes) if at least 100 changes were performed
#   * After 60 seconds if at least 10000 changes were performed
#
# You can set these explicitly by uncommenting the following line.
#
# save 3600 1 300 100 60 10000

# By default Redis will stop accepting writes if RDB snapshots are enabled
# (at least one save point) and the latest background save failed.
# This will make the user aware (in a hard way) that data is not persisting
# on disk properly, otherwise chances are that no one will notice and some
# disaster will happen.
#
# If the background saving process will start working again Redis will
# automatically allow writes again.
#
# However if you have setup your proper monitoring of the Redis server
# and persistence, you may want to disable this feature so that Redis will
# continue to work as usual even if there are problems with disk,
# permissions, and so forth.
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes

# Compress string objects using LZF when dump .rdb databases?
# By default compression is enabled as it's almost always a win.
# If you want to save some CPU in the saving child set it to 'no' but
# the dataset will likely be bigger if you have compressible values or keys.
rdbcompression yes

# Since version 5 of RDB a CRC64 checksum is placed at the end of the file.
# This makes the format more resistant to corruption but there is a performance
# hit to pay (around 10%) when saving and loading RDB files, so you can disable it
# for maximum performances.
#
# RDB files created with checksum disabled have a checksum of zero that will
# tell the loading code to skip the check.
rdbchecksum yes

# Enables or disables full sanitization checks for ziplist and listpack etc when
# loading an RDB or RESTORE payload. This reduces the chances of a assertion or
# crash later on while processing commands.
# Options:
#   no         - Never perform full sanitization
#   yes        - Always perform full sanitization
#   clients    - Perform full sanitization only for user connections.
#                Excludes: RDB files, RESTORE commands received from the master
#                connection, and client connections which have the
#                skip-sanitize-payload ACL flag.
# The default should be 'clients' but since it currently affects cluster
# resharding via MIGRATE, it is temporarily set to 'no' by default.
#
# sanitize-dump-payload no

# The filename where to dump the DB
dbfilename dump.rdb

# Remove RDB files used by replication in instances without persistence
# enabled. By default this option is disabled, however there are environments
# where for regulations or other security concerns, RDB files persisted on
# disk by masters in order to feed replicas, or stored on disk by replicas
# in order to load them for the initial synchronization, should be deleted
# ASAP. Note that this option ONLY WORKS in instances that have both AOF
# and RDB persistence disabled, otherwise is completely ignored.
#
# An alternative (and sometimes better) way to obtain the same effect is
# to use diskless replication on both master and replicas instances. However
# in the case of replicas, diskless is not always an option.
rdb-del-sync-files no

# The working directory.
#
# The DB will be written inside this directory, with the filename specified
# above using the 'dbfilename' configuration directive.
#
# The Append Only File will also be created inside this directory.
#
# Note that you must specify a directory here, not a file name.
dir ./

1. stop-writes-on-bgsave-error：持久化如果出错，是否还需要继续工作，默认值为yes
2. rdbcompression：是否压缩存储磁盘中的快照，默认值是yes.
3. rdbchecksum：存储快照后是否进行数据校验，默认值为yes,（检查大约会增加10%的性能消耗）
4. save <seconds> <change>:这个指令告诉 Redis 在给定的秒数内，如果发生了指定数量的写操作，就执行一次快照操作.
   1. 例如：save 60 3表示在60s内如果执行了3次redis命令操作，则执行一次快照操作。
5. dbfilename dump.rdb: redis快照文件名默认为dump.rdb
6. rdb-del-sync-files no：这个配置决定是否删除用于复制的 RDB 文件。如果设置为 yes，在持久化被禁用的情况下，这些文件会被尽快删除。
7. dir ./:dir 配置项指定了 Redis 用于存储其持久化文件（如 RDB 和 AOF 文件）的目录
8. save ""开启这个配置的话，表示将完全禁用快照功能。

save bgsave 自动化 rdb触发的三种方式

save 命令

save : save命令会阻塞当前的Redis服务器，执行sava命令期间，Redis不能处理其他命令，直到RDB过程完成为止。

bgsave命令

bgsave:执行bgsave时，Redis会在后台进行快照操作，快照同时还可以响应客户端请求。

1. Redis进程执行fork操作创建子进程，RDB持久化过程由子进程负责，完成后自动结束。阻塞只发生在fork阶段，一段时间很短。基本上Redis内部所以的rdb操作都是采用bgsave命令。

自动触发

自动触发：自动触发通过redis.conf中的配置文件来完成. 其中save <seconds> <changes>配置项，可以根据配置项自动触发bgsave。
如： save 60 5 即只要60s内有5次修改key的值时，则触发rdb。
练习一下：首先去修改redis.conf的配置

vim /myredis/redis.conf # tips: 这里注意是自己redis.conf的路径

# 以下是修改内容 我们只需要指定自动触发的配置项，和存放.rdb文件的位置目录以及logfile日志即可（为了方便观察）

################################ SNAPSHOTTING  ################################

save 60 5 

dir /myredis/

################################# GENERAL #####################################

 
logfile "/myredis/redis.log"

修改完配置之后，我们从redis-cli中使用shutdown命令进行停止服务，然后重启redis-server，再次通过redis-cli用命令进行测试（5次修改key的值即可），步骤如下：

至此rdb的自动触发已经练习完毕啦 😀
tips: 记得将自己改动的配置再还原，现在只是为了演示rdb的自动触发效果。

rdb的优势劣势

① 优势
（1）RDB文件紧凑，全量备份，非常适合用于进行备份和灾难恢复。
（2）生成RDB文件的时候，redis主进程会fork()一个子进程来处理所有保存工作，主进程不需要进行任何磁盘IO操作。
（3）RDB 在恢复大数据集时的速度比 AOF 的恢复速度要快。
②、劣势
RDB快照是一次全量备份，存储的是内存数据的二进制序列化形式，存储上非常紧凑。当进行快照持久化时，会开启一个子进程专门负责快照持久化，子进程会拥有父进程的内存数据，父进程修改内存子进程不会反应出来，所以在快照持久化期间修改的数据不会被保存，可能丢失数据。

AOF

AOF，工作机制很简单，redis会将每一个收到的写命令都通过write函数追加到文件中。通俗的理解就是日志记录。

aof原理

每当有一个写命令过来时，就直接保存在aof文件中，

aof配置

aof的配置在redis.conf中的append only mode中

############################## APPEND ONLY MODE ###############################

# By default Redis asynchronously dumps the dataset on disk. This mode is
# good enough in many applications, but an issue with the Redis process or
# a power outage may result into a few minutes of writes lost (depending on
# the configured save points).
#
# The Append Only File is an alternative persistence mode that provides
# much better durability. For instance using the default data fsync policy
# (see later in the config file) Redis can lose just one second of writes in a
# dramatic event like a server power outage, or a single write if something
# wrong with the Redis process itself happens, but the operating system is
# still running correctly.
#
# AOF and RDB persistence can be enabled at the same time without problems.
# If the AOF is enabled on startup Redis will load the AOF, that is the file
# with the better durability guarantees.
#
# Please check https://redis.io/topics/persistence for more information.

appendonly no

# The base name of the append only file.
#
# Redis 7 and newer use a set of append-only files to persist the dataset
# and changes applied to it. There are two basic types of files in use:
#
# - Base files, which are a snapshot representing the complete state of the
#   dataset at the time the file was created. Base files can be either in
#   the form of RDB (binary serialized) or AOF (textual commands).
# - Incremental files, which contain additional commands that were applied
#   to the dataset following the previous file.
#
# In addition, manifest files are used to track the files and the order in
# which they were created and should be applied.
#
# Append-only file names are created by Redis following a specific pattern.
# The file name's prefix is based on the 'appendfilename' configuration
# parameter, followed by additional information about the sequence and type.
#
# For example, if appendfilename is set to appendonly.aof, the following file
# names could be derived:
#
# - appendonly.aof.1.base.rdb as a base file.
# - appendonly.aof.1.incr.aof, appendonly.aof.2.incr.aof as incremental files.
# - appendonly.aof.manifest as a manifest file.

appendfilename "appendonly.aof"

# For convenience, Redis stores all persistent append-only files in a dedicated
# directory. The name of the directory is determined by the appenddirname
# configuration parameter.

appenddirname "appendonlydir"

# The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk
# instead of waiting for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush
# data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP.
#
# Redis supports three different modes:
#
# no: don't fsync, just let the OS flush the data when it wants. Faster.
# always: fsync after every write to the append only log. Slow, Safest.
# everysec: fsync only one time every second. Compromise.
#
# The default is "everysec", as that's usually the right compromise between
# speed and data safety. It's up to you to understand if you can relax this to
# "no" that will let the operating system flush the output buffer when
# it wants, for better performances (but if you can live with the idea of
# some data loss consider the default persistence mode that's snapshotting),
# or on the contrary, use "always" that's very slow but a bit safer than
# everysec.
#
# More details please check the following article:
# http://antirez.com/post/redis-persistence-demystified.html
#
# If unsure, use "everysec".

# appendfsync always
appendfsync everysec
# appendfsync no

# When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background
# saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is
# performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations
# Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for
# this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block
# our synchronous write(2) call.
#
# In order to mitigate this problem it's possible to use the following option
# that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a
# BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress.
#
# This means that while another child is saving, the durability of Redis is
# the same as "appendfsync no". In practical terms, this means that it is
# possible to lose up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the
# default Linux settings).
#
# If you have latency problems turn this to "yes". Otherwise leave it as
# "no" that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability.

no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no

# Automatic rewrite of the append only file.
# Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling
# BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size grows by the specified percentage.
#
# This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the
# latest rewrite (if no rewrite has happened since the restart, the size of
# the AOF at startup is used).
#
# This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is
# bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also
# you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this
# is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase
# is reached but it is still pretty small.
#
# Specify a percentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF
# rewrite feature.

auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb

# An AOF file may be found to be truncated at the end during the Redis
# startup process, when the AOF data gets loaded back into memory.
# This may happen when the system where Redis is running
# crashes, especially when an ext4 filesystem is mounted without the
# data=ordered option (however this can't happen when Redis itself
# crashes or aborts but the operating system still works correctly).
#
# Redis can either exit with an error when this happens, or load as much
# data as possible (the default now) and start if the AOF file is found
# to be truncated at the end. The following option controls this behavior.
#
# If aof-load-truncated is set to yes, a truncated AOF file is loaded and
# the Redis server starts emitting a log to inform the user of the event.
# Otherwise if the option is set to no, the server aborts with an error
# and refuses to start. When the option is set to no, the user requires
# to fix the AOF file using the "redis-check-aof" utility before to restart
# the server.
#
# Note that if the AOF file will be found to be corrupted in the middle
# the server will still exit with an error. This option only applies when
# Redis will try to read more data from the AOF file but not enough bytes
# will be found.
aof-load-truncated yes

# Redis can create append-only base files in either RDB or AOF formats. Using
# the RDB format is always faster and more efficient, and disabling it is only
# supported for backward compatibility purposes.
aof-use-rdb-preamble yes

# Redis supports recording timestamp annotations in the AOF to support restoring
# the data from a specific point-in-time. However, using this capability changes
# the AOF format in a way that may not be compatible with existing AOF parsers.
aof-timestamp-enabled no

在 Redis 的配置文件中，APPEND ONLY MODE（AOF 模式）是与 Redis 的持久化策略相关的一个重要部分。AOF（Append Only File）持久化是通过保存 Redis 服务器接收到的所有写操作命令到文件中来实现的，当 Redis 重启时，它会通过重新执行这些命令来重建数据集。

以下是 APPEND ONLY MODE 相关的配置项及其解释：

1. appendonly：

• 这个配置项用于开启或关闭 AOF 持久化功能。
• 设置为 yes 时，启用 AOF 持久化。
• 设置为 no 时，禁用 AOF 持久化。

2. appendfilename：

• 这个配置项用于设置 AOF 文件的名称。
• 默认值是 appendonly.aof，这意味着如果没有特别指定，Redis 将使用 appendonly.aof 作为 AOF 文件的名称。

3. appenddirname:
   • 这个配置项用于设置 AOF文件的存放目录
   • 默认值是 appendonlydir
4. appendfsync：

• 这个配置项控制 AOF 文件同步到磁盘的策略。
• always：每个写命令都立即同步到 AOF 文件，这是最慢但最安全的方式。
• everysec：每秒同步一次，这是默认的推荐设置，它提供了很好的性能和持久性之间的平衡。
• no：由操作系统决定何时同步，这可能会更快，但在某些操作系统和硬件配置下，可能会导致数据丢失。

4. no-appendfsync-on-rewrite：

• 当 AOF 重写时，是否禁用 fsync。
• 设置为 yes 时，重写期间不执行 fsync，这可能会加速重写过程，但可能会增加数据丢失的风险。
• 设置为 no 时，即使在重写过程中也会执行 fsync。（默认值）

5. auto-aof-rewrite-percentage：

• 触发 AOF 重写的增长百分比阈值。
• 当 AOF 文件的大小比上一次 AOF 重写后的大小大指定的百分比时，将触发 AOF 重写。
• 默认值是 100，意味着 AOF 文件大小是上次重写后大小的两倍时，将触发重写。

6. auto-aof-rewrite-min-size：

• AOF 重写的最小文件大小。
• 即使 AOF 文件的大小达到了 auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 指定的百分比，但如果 AOF 文件的大小小于这个值，重写也不会被触发。
• 这个配置项可以防止对非常小的 AOF 文件进行不必要的重写。

7. aof-load-truncated：

• 当 AOF 文件出现截断错误时，Redis 是否应该尝试加载 AOF 文件。
• 设置为 yes 时，即使 AOF 文件出现截断错误，Redis 也会尝试加载 AOF 文件。（默认值）
• 设置为 no 时，如果 AOF 文件出现截断错误，Redis 将退出并报告错误。

8. aof-use-rdb-preamble：

• 这个配置项决定了 AOF 文件的格式。
• 设置为 yes 时，AOF 文件的开头将包含一个 RDB 格式的数据快照，之后跟着 AOF 格式的命令。这有助于加速数据加载过程。
• 设置为 no 时，AOF 文件只包含 AOF 格式的命令。（默认值）

9. aof-timestamp-enabled:
   • 设置AOF持久化时，是否要记录时间戳，默认为 no

这些配置项提供了丰富的控制选项，允许你根据应用程序的需求和硬件性能来微调 Redis 的 AOF 持久化行为。请确保在修改这些配置项之前，你理解了每个选项的含义和潜在影响，并在修改后进行适当的测试。

文件重写原理

aof的方式会带来一个问题，就是持久化文件会变的越来越大。为了压缩aof的持久化文件。redis提供了bgrewriteaof命令。将内存中的数据以命令的方式保存到临时文件中，同时会fork出一条新进程来将文件重写。

重写aof文件的操作，并没有读取旧的aof文件，而是将整个内存中的数据库内容用命令的方式重写了一个新的aof文件，这点和快照有点类似。

aof的三种触发机制 appendfsync

（1）每修改同步always：同步持久化 每次发生数据变更会被立即记录到磁盘 性能较差但数据完整性比较好 appendfsync always
（2）每秒同步everysec （默认配置）：异步操作，每秒记录 如果一秒内宕机，有数据丢失。appendfsync everysec
（3）不同no：从不同步 appendfsync no

aof fix工具 redis-check-aof

Redis 提供了一个名为 redis-aof-rewrite 的工具，该工具用于对 AOF（Append Only File）文件进行重写，以减少文件大小并提高性能。然而，这并不是一个用于“修补”损坏的 AOF 文件的工具。如果 AOF 文件损坏，你可能需要使用其他方法来恢复数据。

对于损坏的 AOF 文件，Redis 提供了一个名为 redis-check-aof 的工具，用于检查和修复 AOF 文件的错误。这个工具可以帮助你识别并修复 AOF 文件中的格式错误或损坏的条目，从而尝试恢复数据。

要使用 redis-check-aof 工具，你可以按照以下步骤操作：

1. 确保 Redis 服务器已经停止运行，以避免对 AOF 文件进行写入操作。
2. 打开终端或命令提示符，并导航到 Redis 安装目录。
3. 运行以下命令来检查 AOF 文件：

redis-check-aof --fix <aof-file>

其中 <aof-file> 是你的 AOF 文件的路径和名称。

4. redis-check-aof 工具会尝试修复 AOF 文件中的错误，并将结果输出到终端或命令提示符。
5. 根据工具输出的信息，确定是否成功修复了 AOF 文件。如果工具报告了一些无法修复的错误，你可能需要考虑从备份中恢复数据。
6. 如果 AOF 文件修复成功，你可以重新启动 Redis 服务器，并配置它使用修复后的 AOF 文件。

请注意，redis-check-aof 工具并不保证能够完全恢复损坏的 AOF 文件中的所有数据。在某些情况下，如果 AOF 文件损坏严重，你可能无法恢复所有数据。因此，定期备份 Redis 数据是非常重要的，以便在发生数据丢失或损坏时能够恢复数据。

练习aof

首先，先在redis.conf中开启appendonly appendonly yes

vim /myredis/redis7.conf # redis.conf的实际存放位置

# 下面是修改的内容

############################## APPEND ONLY MODE ###############################
appendonly yes # 开启aof

Tips：每次修改完配置后，记得重启redis服务器!不然配置不生效

改动之后，我们重启服务器，观察redis目录中，即可发现 appendonlydir

[root@192 myredis]# cd appendonlydir/
[root@192 appendonlydir]# ll
总用量 8
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 88 2月  22 17:27 appendonly.aof.1.base.rdb
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  0 2月  22 17:27 appendonly.aof.1.incr.aof
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 88 2月  22 17:27 appendonly.aof.manifest
[root@192 appendonlydir]# 

接着我们使用redis客户端，进行一些操作，然后再来观察 cat appendonly.aof.1.incr.aof

aof的优缺点

1. 优点

（1）AOF可以更好的保护数据不丢失，一般AOF会每隔1秒，通过一个后台线程执行一次fsync操作，最多丢失1秒钟的数据。
（2）AOF日志文件没有任何磁盘寻址的开销，写入性能非常高，文件不容易破损。
（3）AOF日志文件即使过大的时候，出现后台重写操作，也不会影响客户端的读写。
（4）AOF日志文件的命令通过非常可读的方式进行记录，这个特性非常适合做灾难性的误删除的紧急恢复。比如某人不小心用flushall命令清空了所有数据，只要这个时候后台rewrite还没有发生，那么就可以立即拷贝AOF文件，将最后一条flushall命令给删了，然后再将该AOF文件放回去，就可以通过恢复机制，自动恢复所有数据

2. 缺点

（1）对于同一份数据来说，AOF日志文件通常比RDB数据快照文件更大
（2）AOF开启后，支持的写QPS会比RDB支持的写QPS低，因为AOF一般会配置成每秒fsync一次日志文件，当然，每秒一次fsync，性能也还是很高的
（3）以前AOF发生过bug，就是通过AOF记录的日志，进行数据恢复的时候，没有恢复一模一样的数据出来。