文件的操作在今后的开发中也是使用非常频繁的。
先说说关于文件操作的流程, 要打开文件, 从而得到文件的一个句柄, 接着把这个句柄赋值给一个变量, 之后凭借句柄对文件开展操作, 也就是内容的增加、删除、修改、查询。最后必须关闭文件, 因为有打开就需要有关闭, 不然文件就会一直被占用。直到程序运行结束。
文件的基本操作
#按照上面所说的流程f = open('demo.txt')#1.打开文件,句柄赋值给fdata = f.read()#2.对文件操作,读取文件内容print(data)#打印文件f.close()#3.关闭文件#按照上面的流程,就完成了对文件的基本操作
打开文件模式
此前, 我们运用打开文件的方式, 不存在可以选择打开模式的地方, 实际上默认已然运用了“只读模式”(r), 于只读模式之中, 我们仅能够读取文件里的内容, 此外无法针对文件开展写入、追加等相关操作句号。
那如果想要写入怎么办,这里就要用到打开模式了。
打开文件是模式有如下:
只读模式, 其为默认情况;只写模式, 不可读, 当不存在文件时会创建, 若存在文件则删除原有内容并写入新内容;追加模式, 可读, 不存在文件时创建, 存在时在原有内容基础上追加新内容。
那么如何使用呢?其实很简单,下面写一个例子:
f = open('demo.txt','w') f.write('test') f.close()#我们只需要在open的时候加上‘w’,就可以对文件进行写入操作了
想在同一时候进行读取操作又能够进行写入操作该如何去做呢, 打开的模式当中存在一个‘“+”用来表示能够在一个文件里同时进行读取和写入这两项操作。
r+, 具备可读、可写并可追加文件的能力(即可进行读操作、可进行写操作、还可进行追加操作), w+, 实现写读功能, a+, 与a的作用相同。
此外, 存在一个标注为“U”的情况, 其意味着, 当从事读取操作时, 它能够把 \r\n这种形式, 自动转变为 \n。
, “b”, 用来表示处理二进制文件, 要是我们所打开的文件并非文本, 而是其他类型的文件, 那么这种情况下就会用到这个模式。
用于FTP发送上传文件的场景里头, 在linux环境下能够予以忽略, 而当处理二进制文件之际则需要进行标注。
打开文件编码
前面我们都没有使用到打开编码,其实默认都是 “gbk”
若是我们的文件, 属于utf - 8编码格式, 并且内容里有着中文, 那么读取之际, 不会出现报错, 能够正常读取。
要是文件属于utf - 8编码格式, 内容里增添了中文, 在这个时候, 我们进行默认编码打卡就会出现报错, 情况如下:
这个时候后我们就要用到 对打开文件编码格式的修改:
f = open('demo.txt','r+', encoding='utf-8')#加上encoding='utf-8'就不会出现报错,或者中文乱码了
大文件操作
此前, 我们读取文件内容的方式, 皆是一次性地将全部内容予以读取, 如此这般进行操作, 倘若文件规模较小, 那尚可勉强为之, 要是文件的体量格外巨大, 所含内容极其繁多, 像达到1G、10G这类程度, 那就会致使我们的电脑陷入卡死状态, 甚而出现内存溢出的情况。
对待大文件的操作, 实际上, 咱们能够每次仅仅读取一行, 读取完一行之后就在内存当中予以删除。
f = open('demo.txt','r+', encoding='utf-8')#只要使用这种循环,读一条,删一条,内存中只保存一行数据forlineinf:print(line) f.close()#此方法针对大文件操作效果显著
文件修改
上文之中, 我们以追加模式将其打开, 随后进行写入文件的操作, 如此这般便能够把追加的内容写入至该文件里了。
如果进行修改以及删除操作, 是否采用读写模式, 将内容读出, 经过内容的或者改变情形除去, 之后再度写入到文件里边, 便能够达成除去与修改的结果呢。
然而, 我们才刚就大文件有所置喙, 假定存在一个达20G的文件, 显然你绝然无法将其整体予以读取, 于相应内容实施修改或者删除操作之后, 再行写入该文件, 此时你的程序却径直死机了, 这般状况该如何妥善处置呢?
其实际上依旧是借用上面大文件操作的那种方式, 我们逐一条目去读取, 接着逐一条目完成写入。
#思路就是一行一行读出源文件内容,在一行一行写入新的文件中f = open('demo.txt','r+', encoding='utf-8')#原文件f2 = open('demo2.txt','a', encoding='utf-8')#修改后保存的新文件forlineinf:#判断如果行中有出现'zhangsan'则修改成'lisi'if'zhangsan'inline: line = line.replace('zhangsan','lisi')#判断如果行中有出现'wangwu'则跳过,既这行不添加到新文件,相当于删除了这行elif'wangwu'inline:continuef2.write(line)#最后修改过的内容一行一行写入到新的文件中print(line) f.close() f2.close()
with 语句
在前一部分我们已经讲过, 文件一旦被打开就需要将其关闭。然而我们时常会出现忘记关闭的情况, 那该如何去做呢?
提供了一个 with语句,使用方式:
#使用with语句,当with代码块执行完毕时,内部会自动关闭并释放文件资源。with open('demo.txt','r', encoding='utf-8') as f:pass#在Python2.7以后,with还同时支持操作多个文件with open('demo.txt','r', encoding='utf-8') as f, open('demo2.txt','r', encoding='utf-8') as f2:pass
关于中的文件操作常用的方法就写这么多,还有一些如
tell
seek
seekable ... 等等之类的方法,在大家实际使用的时候在具体了解吧。
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